Periodontal disease is a serious inflammation that can cause your teeth to become loose or fall out. It is caused by a buildup of plaque (pronounced: PLAK) — an invisible, sticky layer of germs that coats your teeth and gums — which produces toxins that irritate the gum tissue. This irritation and the toxins in the plaque cause the gums to recede from the teeth, creating small pockets that collect food debris and harbor bacteria.

Over time, the bacteria in the pocket release toxins that attack and destroy the bone and tissue that support the teeth. The damage is irreversible, and the teeth can break off or be removed. If the gum disease is caught early, it is reversible.

Periodontal Disease: Causes, Treatment, and Prevention

Good oral hygiene — brushing and flossing twice daily and getting professional dental cleanings regularly — can prevent gum disease and keep it from progressing to periodontitis. Those with dexterity issues or arthritis can use an electric toothbrush or floss aids to assist with the manual cleaning of their teeth.

Your dentist will look at your gums and use a probe to measure the depth of the pockets around your teeth. If the pockets are deeper than normal, this is a sign of gum disease. X-rays of your mouth may also be taken to assess the severity of the condition and check for any bone loss. If you have signs of gum disease, your dentist can prescribe treatment to restore the health of your teeth and gums.